The review considers the diagnostics issues of the most common diseases leading to left ventricular myocardium hypertrophy, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arterial hypertension, aortic valve defects and storage diseases. An important role in the differential diagnosis and prognosis clarification of these pathologies is played by the method of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with delayed contrast enhancement, which allows non-invasively obtain data about the anatomy and functional state of the heart chambers and valve apparatus, as well as characteristics of the myocardium. The greatest interest is aroused by modern MRI techniques, such as delayed contrast enhancement and parametric mapping, which allow to non-invasively detect focal and diffuse fibrosis, but also allow to determine the specific accumulation pattern of various diseases. Especially important role MRI plays in patients with suspected storage diseases (amyloidosis, Danone's disease, Fabry's disease), when the MRI results can become the clue to the correct diagnosis. In addition, an accurate assessment of the fibrosis degree makes it possible to identify patients with a high risk of severe cardiovascular complications (heart failure, sudden cardiac death), which is important in the patient management.