This literature review dedicated to molecular imaging of inflammation in a thoracic aortic aneurysm. The article describes current approaches in the molecular diagnosis of aortic pathology, as well as radiopharmaceuticals used in clinical practice and at the stage of experimental research; their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The authors consider current problems of modern molecular imaging of inflammation, unresolved issues in this area, as well as prospects for the development of molecular technologies in terms of diagnostics of the inflammatory process in the extended aortic wall. Literature search was performed using electronic bibliographic databases such as PubMed, E-library, Medline, GoogleShcolar.